Polynucleotide phosphorodithioate compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to new and useful nucleoside thiophosphoroamidites and polynucleotide phosphorodithioate compounds as well as the processes whereby these compounds may be used for synthesizing new mononucleotides and polynucleotides having phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages.

The inventions described herein were supported, in part, with federal funds under a grant or award from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Accordingly, the United States Government has certain statutory rights to the invention described herein under 35 U.S.C. 200 et seq.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation-In-Part application of our earlier filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/012,532, filed on Feb. 2, 1993; now abandoned which in turn is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/643,381, filed Jan. 22, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,103; which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/488,805, filed Mar. 5th 1990, now abandoned (which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/367,645, filed Jun. 19th 1989, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/198,886, filed May 26th 1988, now abandoned) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/417,387, filed Oct. 5th 1989, now abandoned; which in turn is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application 07/314,011, filed Feb. 22nd 1989, now abandoned; which in turn is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application 07/198,886 filed May 26th 1988, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention described and claimed herein relates to novel and useful phosphorous compounds which are particularly useful in the production of polynucleotides having analogs attached to phosphorous.

The present invention relates to novel and useful nucleoside thiophosphoramidite, polynucleotide dithioate phosphoramidite, polynucleotide thiophosphoramidite, nucleoside 3'-hydrogenphosphonodithioates, nucleoside-3'-yl-S-aralkylphosphorodithioate, nucleoside 3'-hydrogenphosphonothioate, nucleoside 3'-methylphosphonothioate, dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate, dinucleoside phosphorodithioate and nucleoside 3'-amidophosphorodithioate compounds as well as the processes whereby these compounds can be used for synthesizing novel mononucleotides and polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonothioate and H-phosphonothioate internucleotide linkages, and phosphorothioamidate, phosphorothiotriester, and phosphorothioate substituents. These novel mononucleotides and polynucleotides can be used for many biological, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Potential therapeutic applications include treating tumors, viral infections and bacterial infections.

Additionally, these compounds can be used to deliver to specific sites in cells and tissues such reagents as metal ions, toxins, intercalating agents and other reagents that alter the biochemical reactivity of polynucleotides and proteins. These compounds can also be joined to sugars, steroids, proteins, peptides and lipids so as to deliver these oligonucleotides to specific cells and thus to target certain cells for various biological and therapeutic applications with these oligonucleotide analogs. These compounds can also be used for various diagnostic purposes. By attaching fluorescent or other chemically reactive reagents, antigens, antibodies, proteins, and metal ions to these compounds, they can be used for diagnosing diseases and the normal and abnormal biochemistry of cells, tissues and body fluids such as blood and urine. There are also many uses in modern biology and chemistry as well. For example, these compounds can be used to develop improved methods for sequencing and cutting DNA, for imaging in X-ray crystallography, NMR, and electron microscopy, and for studying enzyme reactions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

High yielding methodologies are currently available for the rapid synthesis of sequence defined polynucleotides having the natural internucleotide linkage (Caruthers, M. H., Science 230, 281-285, 1985; Caruthers, M. H. and Beaucage, S. L., U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,732; Caruthers, M. H. and Matteucci, U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066). An important step in this process is oxidation of the intermediate phosphite triester to the naturally occurring phosphate triester with aqueous iodine. These phosphite triesters can also be oxidized under anhydrous conditions with amines or ammonia and iodine to yield variable reported amounts of oligonucleotide phosphoramidates or with sulfur to yield oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (Uznanski, B., Koziolkiewicsz, M., Stec, W. J., Zon, G., Shinozuka, K. and Marzili, L., Chemica Scripta 26, 221-224, 1986; Nemer, M. H. and Ogilvie, K. K., Tetrahedron Letters 21, 4149-4152, 1980). Other methods employing H-phosphonate internucleotide linkages can also be used to synthesize oligonucleotide phosphoramidates and oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (Froehler, B. C., Tetrahedron Letters 27, 5575-5578, 1986). A process has also been developed for synthesizing methylphosphonothioate internucleotide linkages (Brill, W. K.-D. and Caruthers, M. H., Tetrahedron Letters 28, 3205-3208, 1987). Unfortunately, none of these procedures can be used to synthesize polynucleotides containing the phosphorodithioate or the phosphorothioamidate internucleotide linkages.

The production of uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorodithioate is described in the literature (F. Eckstein, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 4718-4732, 1970). Unfortunately, the process cannot be used to synthesize deoxynucleoside phosphorodithioates or nucleoside phosphorodithioates useful for synthesizing polynucleotides containing the dithioate linkage. The procedure also yields a mixture of mononucleotides having phosphorodithioate and phosphorothioate moieties. Additionally the yield or uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorodithioate is only 28 % and the acidity of P₂ S₅ and the high temperatures used in the synthesis of the cyclic phosphorodithioate would preclude the use of this procedure with protected deoxyadenosine which would undergo depurination.

Similarly, adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorodithioate can be synthesized by treating suitably protected adenosine with 4-nitrophenylphosphoranilidochloridothioate followed by cyclization with potassium t-butoxide and conversion to the dithioate in a reaction with sodium hydride/carbon disulfide (J. Boraniak and W. Stec, J. Chem. Soc, Trans. I, 1645, 1987). Unfortunately these reaction conditions and the low synthesis yields preclude the use of this chemistry for synthesizing oligonucleotides having the phosphorodithioate linkages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the compounds, according to the present invention, can be represented by general formulae Ia, Ib, and IIa-f. ##STR1## Where, throughout the following description, R₁ is H or a blocking group; A is D or DR₂ wherein D is OH, H, halogen, SH, NH₂ or azide and DR₂ is oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen as D and R₂ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted blocking group; B is a nucleoside or deoxynucleoside base; R₃ is H or a blocking group, and T, G, X and M are substituents wherein heteroatoms are linked covalently to phosphorous. Substituents T, G, X and M may also be covalently linked to heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylakyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl or cycloalkynyl groups. The compounds of general formulae I and II wherein T, G, X and M are substituents wherein heteroatoms are linked to phosphorus include those in which the heteroatoms are sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen.

The novel compounds of general formula I are of two classes, Ia and Ib; class Ia consists of those in which phosphorus is single bonded to each of two substituents, X and M, through the heteroatoms; and class Ib are those in which phosphorous is single and double bonded to sulfur and also to one other substituent through the group T. These compounds are useful for synthesizing polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate, phosphorothioamidate, phosphorothioate triesters and phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages and for various biological uses.

Compounds of general formula II are those in which phosphorus is double bonded to sulfur or oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen or the substituents T, G, X or M. The preferred compounds are those in which phosphorous is double bonded to sulfur and single bonded to sulfur joined to either H or R₄ wherein R₄ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl or cycloalkynyl group. The substituent M is sulfur single bonded to phosphorous and to R₅ wherein R₅ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl or cycloalkynyl. The substituents G and X are nitrogen single bonded to phosphorous wherein G is amino or primary amino, NHR₆, and X is secondary amino NR₆ R₇. R₆ and R₇ when taken together form an alkylene chain containing up to 5 carbon atoms in the principal chain and a total of up to 10 carbon atoms with both terminal valence bonds of said chain being attached to the nitrogen atom to which R₆ and R₇ are attached; and wherein R₆ and R₇ taken separately each represent heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl, or cycloalkynyl groups; and R₆ and R₇ when taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may also form a nitrogen heterocycle including at least one additional heteroatom from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; and R₆ and R₇ when taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may also form a ring nitrogen heterocycle compound which contains unsaturated bonds in the ring structure and may also contain at least one additional heteroatom from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The substituent T is oxygen single bonded to phosphorus and to hydrogen or R₈ wherein R₈ is a heteroatom substitute or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl, or cycloalkynyl. Compounds of general formula II may also be those in which oxygen is double bonded to phosphorous plus M which is single bonded to phosphorous. Compounds II are useful for various biological uses and for synthesizing polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate, phophorothioamidate, phosphorothioate triester and phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages which are also useful for biological studies.

Amines from which the substituent group G can be derived include a wide variety of primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, aniline, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, polycyclic amines, heteroatom substituted aryl or alkylamines, and similar primary amines. Amines from which the substituent group X can be derived include a wide variety of secondary amines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, diisopropylamine, dibutylamine, methylpropylamine, methylhexylamine, methylcyclopropylamine, ethylcylohexylamine, methylbenzylamine, methycyclohexylmethylamine, butylcyclohexylamine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, piperazine, and heteroatom substituted alkyl or aryl secondary amines.

The nucleoside and deoxynucleoside bases represented by B in the above formulae are well known and include purines, e.g. adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and their derivatives, and pyrimidines, e.g. cytosine, uracil, thymine, and their derivatives.

The blocking groups represented by R₁, R₂ and R₃ in the above formulae include trityl, methoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, pivalyl, acetyl, tetrahydropyranyl, methoxytetrahydropyranyl, phenoxyacetyl, isobutyloxycarbonyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, alkyl or aryl carbonoyl, and similar blocking groups well known in the art. Common blocking groups represented by R₄ and R₅ include 4-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, β-benzoylmercaptylethyl, and β-cyanoethyl. Although R₁₋₈ can represent blocking groups and in many cases these blocking groups are removed at some point during synthesis, these radicals may also remain covalently attached to nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides following synthesis and correspond to fluorescent probes, antigens, steroids, sugars, peptides, proteins, lipids or other groups that are useful for a large number of therapeutic, diagnostic, biological or biochemical applications.

As used herein the symbols for nucleotides and polynucleotides are according to the IUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature recommendations (Biochemistry 9, 4022, 1970).

Several chemical terms as used in this invention are further defined as follows: These definitions apply unless, in special cases, these terms are defined differently:

alkyl--a non-cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 12) carbon atoms. Heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen can replace or be bonded to the carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in this non-cyclic branched or unbranched radical. Certain heteroatoms such as halogens can be bonded to the carbon atoms in this radical.

aryl--an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of one hydrogen atom. This radical can contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen, as part of the aromatic ring system. Heteroatoms, preferably halogen, sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen, can also replace hydrogen attached to carbon that is part of the ring system.

aralkyl--an organic radical in which one or more aryl radicals, preferably 1 to 3, are substituted for hydrogen atoms of an alkyl radical.

cycloalkyl--a cyclic hydrocarbon radical containing from 3 to 20 (preferably 4 to 12) carbons with 4 to 10 carbons being in the cycle and the remainder attached to the cycle. Heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, can replace or be bonded to the carbon atoms in this cyclic hydrocarbon radical. Certain heteroatoms such as halogens can be bonded to the carbon atoms in this cyclic radical.

cycloalkylalkyl--an organic radical in which one or more cycloalkyl radicals, preferably 1 to 3, are substituted for hydrogen atoms of an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 20 atoms, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

alkenyl--an aliphatic, unsaturated, branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having at least one double bond and 2 to 20 (preferably 3 to 10) carbons. Heteroatoms, preferably sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, can replace saturated carbon atoms in this radical or be bonded to the saturated carbon atoms. Heteroatoms such as halogens can be bonded to the saturated carbon atom. Heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen can also replace certain carbons at an unsaturated position which result in the generation of ketone, thioketone, or imine, respectively.

aralkenyl--an organic radical with one or more aryl radicals, preferably 1 to 3, are substituted for hydrogen atoms of an alkenyl radical.

cycloalkenyl--a cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 20 (preferably 4 to 12) carbons, and at least one double bond. the cyclic part of this radical would be preferable 5 to 10 carbon atoms with the remainder attached to the cycle. Heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, can replace saturated carbons in this radical or be bonded to the saturated carbons. Heteroatoms such as halogens can be bonded to the carbon atoms in this radical.

alkynyl--an aliphatic, unsaturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon radical containing at least one triple bond and 2 to 20 (preferably 3 to 10) carbons. Heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, can replace or be bonded to saturated carbons in this radical. Heteroatoms such as nitrogen can be replaced carbon at an unsaturated position to generate a nitrile.

aralkynyl--an organic radical in which one or more aryl groups, preferably 1 to 3, are substituted for the hydrogen atoms of an alkynyl radical.

cycloalkynyl--a cyclic hydrocarbon radical containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 7 or 12 carbon atoms, and at least one triple bond in the cycle with the remaining carbon atoms attached to the cycle, Heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, can replace saturated carbon atoms in this radical. Heteroatoms such as halogens can be bonded to the saturated carbon atoms.

Heteroatom substituted radicals--In all these radicals, including alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl, and cycloalkynyl, heteroatoms, preferably sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens, can replace hydrogen atoms attached to carbons. As described in the definition for each radical, heteroatoms, preferably oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, can replace carbon atoms at saturated positions in alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, arakenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl, and cycloalkynyl radicals.

Heteroatoms, preferably sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen can also replace carbon as part of the aromatic ring system in aryl radicals.

Heteroatoms can also replace certain carbon atoms as part of unsaturated systems such as wherein oxygen replaces carbon in an alkene to generate a ketone or aldehyde and nitrogen replaces carbon in an alkyne to generate a nitrile. Examples of common heteroatoms substituted radicals used in nucleotide chemistry are β-cyanoethyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, acetyl, tetrahydropyranyl, di-p-methoxytrityl, and benzoyl radicals.

phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage--an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-O-P(S)S-O-nucleoside-3' or 5'-nucleoside-O-P(S)SH-O-nucleoside-3' which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B and A are as defined previously: ##STR2## phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage--an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-OP(O)S-O-nucleoside 3' or 5'-nucleoside-OP(OH)S-O-nucleoside 3' which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B and A are as defined previously: ##STR3## phosphorothioamidate internucleotide linkage--an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-O-PSNHR₆ -O-nucleoside-3' and 5'-nucleoside-O-P(S)NR₆ R₇ -O-nucleoside-3' which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B and A are as previously defined: ##STR4## S-alkyl or S-arylphosphorothiotriester internucleotide linkage --an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-O-P(O)SR₅ -O-nucleoside-3' which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B, A, and R₅ are as previously defined: ##STR5## O-alkyl or arylphosphorothiotriester internucleotide linkage--an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-O-P(S)OR₈ -O-nucleoside-3" which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B, A and R₈ are previously defined: ##STR6## H-phosphonothioate internucleotide linkage--an internucleotide linkage having the general formula 5'-nucleoside-O-P(S)H-O-nucleoside-3' which can be illustrated with the following structure wherein B and A are as previously defined: ##STR7##

A more complete understanding of the terms, and scope of the present invention may be obtained in reference to the following figures and examples, all of which are illustrative of the present invention and are not to be taken as limiting the scope and breadth of the present invention in any manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the figures,

FIGS. 1a and 1b depict the stability in human serum of modified polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate linkages on the 3'- and 5'-ends of the polynucleotide as compared with an unmodified polynucleotide;

FIGS. 2 and 3 depict the antisense efficacy of modified polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate linkages as compared with unmodified polyphosphodiester control using primary murine spleen cells; and

FIG. 4 depicts the comparative antisense efficacy of modified polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate linkages as compared with unmodified polyphosphodiester control using rat cells.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The general reaction scheme A for synthesizing compounds Ia, VIIa, and VIIb from which the preferred compounds Ia, IIa and IIc are a subset is shown in the following overview: ##STR8##

The preferred reaction scheme A for synthesizing compounds Ia, IIa, and IIc is represented as follows: ##STR9## wherein R₁, R₃, B, A, X, and M are as previously defined. Compounds VIIa and IIa are those in which phosphorous is linked through single bonds to nucleosides and to sulfur and through a double bond to sulfur. compounds VIIb and IIc are those in which phosphorous is linked through single bonds to nucleosides and to sulfur and through a double bond to oxygen.

The process of reaction scheme A involves condensation of IIIa with IVa which can be 2,4-dichlorobenzylmercaptyl-bis (diisopropylamino)phosphine or 4-chlorobenzylmercaptyl-bis (diisopropylamino)phosphine to yield Ia. Reaction of Ia with Va and an activator (e.g. 5-substituted tetrazoles and substituted triazoles, alkylammonium salts, aralkylammonium salts, substituted and unsubstituted pyridinium salts of tetrafluoroborate, and substituted and unsubstituted pyridinium and imidazolium salts of acids, 5-substituted tetrazoles, halogenated carboxylic acids and N-hydroxybenzotriazole) yields Via, the dinucleoside 2,4-dichlorobenzylthiophosphite or dinucleoside 4-chlorobenzylthiophosphite, which can be preferably oxidized with sulfur to yield IIa, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester. Of course oxidation with t-butylperoxide yields IIc, the corresponding dinucleoside phosphorothioate triester.

A second reaction scheme B was also discovered for the purpose of synthesizing compounds IIa and additionally IIb, IId, IIe, and IIf. The general reaction scheme B for synthesizing compounds IIa, IIb, IId, IIe and IIf is as follows: ##STR10##

The preferred reaction scheme B is represented as follows: ##STR11## wherein R₁, R₃, B, A, X, M, G and T are as previously defined. compounds IIa, IIa-1, IIb, IIb-1, IId, IIe, and IIf are those in which phosphorous is double bonded to sulfur and single bonded to nucleosides and one other substituent from the group of substituents including hydrogen, X, M, T and G.

The process of reaction scheme B involves synthesis of Villa and condensation with Va to yield IXa. Reaction of IXa with H₂ S and an activator such as tetrazole yields the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate, IId, which can be chemically converted by oxidation with sulfur to IIa-1, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioates;

by oxidation with iodine in the presence of amines to IIe or IIf, the phosphorothioamidates; by alkylation of the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate (IIa-1) to IIa, the phosphorodithioate triesters;

by oxidation with iodine in the presence of alcohols to IIb, the phosphorothioate triesters; and by oxidation with aqueous iodine to IIb-1, the phosphorothioates.

The present novel compounds of general structure II having different heteroatoms containing substituents covalently linked to phosphorous can thus be prepared by processes A and B. In some cases wherein phosphorous is double bonded to sulfur and single bonded to nucleosides and to M to yield a dinucleoside phosphorodithioate, processes A and B can both be used to prepare the same compound IIa. For certain others such as IIc, wherein phosphorous is double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to nucleosides and to M, only process A can be used to produce this compound. Alternatively compounds IIb, IIb-1, lie, and IIf having phosphorous double bonded to sulfur and single bonded to nucleosides and to X or G or T can only be synthesized by process B. It can therefore be seen that both processes of the present invention are required in order to synthesize all the compounds described by IIa-f.

Process A also illustrates how compound Ia can be used to synthesize polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate and S-aryl or S-alkyl phosphorothioate triesters as internucleotide linkages. Process A when used to synthesize polynucleotides can be completed either on art form polymer support or in the absence of these supports.

Of course the nucleoside moiety of the present invention can include more than one nucleoside and may include a number of nucleosides condensed as having one or more phosphorous moieties (as shown in IIa-f) in combination with additional internucleotide phosphate diester linkages. These polynucleotides having a mixture of internucleotide linkages, and the presently described linkages as in IIa-f, are prepared using the novel processes comprising one aspect of the present invention in combination with preferably conventional phosphoramidite methodologies for synthesizing the other polynucleotide linkages (although other methods such as phosphate triester, phosphate diester, and H-phosphonate procedures can also be used to synthesize these additional linkages). These condensation steps are best carried out on polymer supports although nonpolymer support procedures can also be used.

The present invention is particularly useful in the chemical synthesis of any deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing novel DNA or RNA compounds having analog substituents G, T, X or M plus sulfur double bonded to phosphorus at one or more internucleotide phosphorus containing linkages as found in DNA and RNA.

The synthesis of compounds according to the general formula Ib can be represented by the following general reaction scheme C: ##STR12##

The preferred reaction scheme C is represented as follows: ##STR13## wherein R₁, B, A, and T are as previously described. Compounds Ib are those in which all compounds have phosphorus double bonded to sulfur and single bonded to a nucleoside, sulfur and T.

The process of scheme C involves synthesis of XII and XIIIa from IIIa and XII or XIIa. Reaction of XII or XIIIa with H₂ S and an activator such as tetrazole yields a novel compound, XIVa, the nucleoside H-phosphonothioate, which can be chemically converted by oxidation with sulfur to Ib, the nucleoside phosphorodithioates.

The preferred novel compounds according to the present invention are those compounds of general formula Ia and IIa wherein for Ia, M is a substituent having sulfur bonded to phosphorus and to R₅ wherein R₅ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted blocking group, A is H, R₁ is a dimethoxytrityl group, B is a nucleoside or deoxynucleoside base having art form blocking groups, and X is a secondary amino group; and for IIa, sulfur is double bonded to phosphorous, M is a substituent having sulfur single bonded to phosphorus and to R₅ wherein R₅ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted blocking group, A is H, R₁ is a dimethoxytrityl group, B is a nucleoside or deoxynucleoside base having art-recognized blocking groups, and R₃ is H. Of course included in this preferred group of compounds is lIa-1 wherein M is replaced by the sulfhydryl group, SH.

The novel compound IIa-f of the present invention can be prepared as shown in scheme B from art-recognized starting materials such as VIIIa, a nucleoside 3'-phosphorodiamidite. The initial reaction is accomplished by dissolving the nucleoside in an organic solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran containing triethylamine to take up the liberated hydrochloric acid and adding a bis(dialkylamino) chlorophosphine. The resulting nucleoside phosphorodiamidite is reacted without isolation with a second nucleoside. The isolated product of this reaction is a dinucleoside dialkylamino phosphoramidite which can be reacted with hydrogen sulfide and tetrazole in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile to yield the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate, IId. Further reaction of the isolated dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate with elementary sulfur in an organic solvent such as a mixture of toluene and lutidine yields the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate, IIa-1. Reaction of the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate with alkyl or aryl halide capable of alkylating thiols yields the sulfur protecting dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester, IIa. These novel compounds of the present invention can then be used to synthesize polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate moieties at selected phosphorus internucleotide linkages. This is possible by first removing the R₃ blocking group by conventional methods from preferably IIa and then reacting this with preferably an art-recognizing phosphorodiamidite which leads to the dinucleotide 3'-phosphoramidite for use as a synthon in preparing polynucleotides. Compounds IIa (R₃ =H) can also be converted to dinucleotide 3'-phosphate, 3'-phosphate diester, or 3'-H-phosphonate and synthesis of the polynucleotide then proceeds with these compounds either on silica-based polymer supports using recognized procedures or in reaction solutions free of polymer supports.

As a further embodiment of the invention, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioates, IIa, are preferably synthesized as shown in scheme A by forming the aralkylmercaptyl-bis(dialkylamino)-phosphine, IVa, and thereafter condensing this compound with the selected nucleoside using tetrazole as an activator in order to form a nucleoside S-(aralkyl)dialkylaminophosphoramidite. The nucleoside S-(aralkyl)dialkylaminophosphoramidite, Ia, can then be condensed with a second nucleoside using an activator in order to form an S-(aralkyl)dinucleoside phosphite, VIa, which after oxidation with elementary sulfur, yields IIa, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester. This procedure obviates the requirement for dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triesters as synthons for preparing polynucleotides and is therefore preferred.

Thus the nucleoside S-(aralkyl)dialkylaminophosphoramidite and the art-recognized nucleoside phosphoramidites can be used in any desired sequence in concert with either elementary sulfur or aqueous iodine oxidation procedures, respectively, to yield polynucleotides having a selected combination of phosphorodithioate and phosphate internucleotide linkages.

The synthesis of aralkylmercaptyl-bis-dialkylamino phosphine is effected in an organic solvent solution whereby the bis(dialkylamino)-chlorophosphine is first synthesized and then further condensed with an aralkylmercaptan. The first step is reacting phosphorus trichloride in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane with a five-fold excess of the dialkylamine. The reaction proceeds smoothly at reflux in a dry atmosphere of nitrogen or argon. The solution of the product is separated from the precipitated hydrochloride salt of the added amine, and can be concentrated under reduced pressure to a solid. If the dialkylamine is at least as large as diisopropylamine, this solid can be recrystallized from chemically inert solvents such as pentane, hexane and heptane. Distillation of the bis(dialkylamino)chlorophosphine is also possible, especially for lower molecular weight compounds. The next step in the synthesis involves dissolving an aralkylmercaptan in an inert solvent such as ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane; adding an equivalent of sodium hydride in order to convert the mercaptan to the mercaptide; and finally adding the bis(dialkylamino)chlorophosphine to the reaction mixture. The S-aralkylmercaptyl-bis(dialkylamino)phosphine is formed quantitatively over several hours at room temperature. Removal of sodium chloride followed by crystallization from solvents such as acetonitrile or distillation afford the desired product.

Synthesis of internucleotide bonds containing phosphorodithioate linkages wherein aralkylmercaptyl-bis (dialkylamino)phosphine is used for this conversion requires activating agents which are proton donors. Thus, these phosphines are activated by acidic compounds through protonation which facilitates the formation of the desired internucleotide bonds containing initially a thiophosphite triester. The initial activation step involving the aralkylmercaptyl-bis(dialkylamino)phosphine requires acidic species, preferably mildly acidic, and includes tetrazole and 3-nitrotriazole. The resulting nucleoside aralkylmercaptyl-phosphoramidite can usually be activated with a tetrazole but may be difficult to activate and in some cases may require a more acidic species such as aromatic amine salts of strong acids, para-nitrophenyltetrazole, trifluoromethylphenlytetrazole and trifluoromethyltetrazolide salts.

The mercaptyl moiety as part of the bis(dialkylamino) phosphine can vary considerably in structure. The criteria are that it facilitates activation of the mercaptyl-bis (dialkylamino) phosphine by acids, and that it can be easily removed after termination of the polynucleotide synthesis. Thus, the preferred mercaptans include benzyl and heteroatom substituted benzyl moieties, and heteroatom substituted alkyl substituents such as β-cyanoethyl or β-benzoyl mercaptyl.

The bis(dialkylamino) moieties, as part of the aralkylmercaptyl-bis(dialkylamino) phosphine, are preferable substituents that stabilize both the phosphine and the nucleoside aralkylmercaptylphosphoramidite toward storage and synthesis.

These dialkylamino groups should also preferably facilitate activation of the phosphine during the reactions leading to the formation of internucleotide bonds. These criteria are met most easily by substituents such as dimethylamino, diethylamino, diisopropylamino, dipropylamino, dibutylamino, dipentylamino, various isomeric alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, and heteroatom substituted cycloalkyl groups such as pyrrolidino and piperidino.

When the present novel compounds are used to form polynucleotides, they are preferably employed in combination with art recognized nucleoside phosphoramidites. Thus, at sites wherein normal phosphate diester linkages are inserted into polynucleotides, art recognized procedures such as activation with tetrazole, oxidation with aqueous iodine, capping with acetic anhydride if synthesis is on art-recognized polymer supports, and detritylation with acid are used for synthesis. At the sites wherein phosphorodithioate linkages are to be incorporated into polynucleotides, a nucleoside, aralkylmercaptyl phosphoramidite is activated with aromatic amine salts, tetrazole, para-nitrophenyl tetrazole, trifluoromethylaryl tetrazole or similar reagents, and following coupling to the growing polynucleotide, the thiophosphite internucleotide linkage is oxidized, preferably with elementary sulfur to yield the dithioate. Other steps for utilizing the aralkylmercaptyl nucleoside phosphoramidite in the polynucleotide synthesis are the same as with art recognized nucleoside phosphoramidites. Dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triesters can also be used as synthons for polynucleotide synthesis. These novel compounds are prepared using the presently described novel processes. After conversion to preferably protected dinucleoside phosphorodithioate 3'-phosphoramidites, they can be activated with tetrazole and used directly as dinucleotide synthons via the normal art-recognized polynucleotide synthesis procedure, either preferably on polymer supports or in the solution phase in the absence of polymer supports.

Of course once the internucleotide bonds of the polynucleotide have been synthesized, which included both normal linkages and the phosphorodithioate linkages, the product can, if desirable, be freed of blocking groups. Thus the first step is treatment with preferably trialkylammonium thiophenolate to remove the aralkyl blocking group from the dithioate moiety and, if methyl groups are used to protect normal internucleotide linkages, the methyl group from these phosphate triesters. The remaining blocking groups on sugars, bases, or phosphorus, and also the linkage joining the polynucleotide to a support if the synthesis had been completed in this manner, can then be removed using art-recognized procedures such as hydrolysis with aqueous ammonia. If blocking groups on sulfur are used that are labile to reagents other than thiophenolate (e.g. trichloroethyl or β-cyanoethyl), then the deprotection protocol should be modified accordingly.

The following examples and procedures depicting the formation of the compounds according to the present invention are presented in order to provide a more complete understanding and illustration of the present invention.

EXAMPLE I

Preparation of thiophosphoramidites of the formula: ##STR14## represented as Ia wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl;1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl The synthesis of these compounds begins with the preparation of p-chlorobenzylmercaptyl-bis(diisopropylamino) phosphine. Phosphorus trichloride (0.5 mole, 68.665 g, 43.6 ml) was dissolved in 300 ml anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF). The PCl₃ solution was cooled to -18° C. by a NaCl ice mixture. Diisopropylamine (2.5 mole, 252.983 g, 350.4 ml) was then added slowly via a dropping funnel. At first the reaction was violent and had to be carried out under vigorous stirring (mechanical stirrer) and cooling. After the reaction to the diisopropylamino dichlorophosphine was complete, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 12 hours to afford the desired product. After 12 hours the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the diisopropylammonium chloride was removed by filtration through a Schlenk-fritt. After washing the salts with THF, the clear reaction mixture was refluxed again for 12 hours to afford the desired product as the only phosphorus containing material in the reaction mixture (31P-NMR delta 132.4 ppm). The newly formed diisopropylammonium chloride was removed by filtration and washed with anhydrous ether. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure (rotary evaporator) to a yellowish solid which was recrystallized from hexanes to afford a colorless crystalline solid. This compound was air stable and moisture insensitive. Para-chlorobenzylmercaptan (50 mmol, 7.93 g, 6.6 ml) was dissolved in anhydrous ether (300 ml) and an amount of a sodium hydride suspension in oil (50 % NaH in oil) equivalent to 50 mmol (2.4 g) was added to the mercaptan solution. As the solution was stirred (magnetic stirrer), hydrogen evolved indicating the formation of sodium p-chlorobenzylmercaptide. After two hours, bis(diisopropylamino)chlorophosphine (50 mmol, 13.34 g) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred until gas evolution stopped (4 hours at room temperature). 31P-NMR of the reaction mixture indicated quantitative conversion of the chlorophosphine to the desired product without any side reactions (31P-NMR delta 91.4).

The salt (sodium chloride) was removed by filtration through a Schlenk fritt and washed with anhydrous ether (50 ml). The colorless filtrate was evaporated to a white foam (p-chlorobenzylmercaptyl-bis(diisopropylamino) phosphine) which was dissolved in a minimum amount of hot acetonitrile (100 ml) and recrystallized from the same solvent to afford a white crystalline product.

The 5'-O-di-p-anisylphenylmethyl nucleoside (5 mmol) and p-chlorobenzylmercaptyl-bis(diisopropylamino)phosphine (6 mmol, 2.33 g) were suspended in dry acetonitrile (15 ml). Tetrazole (10 mmol, 0.69 g) was added and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The initially present solids (phosphine and nucleoside) dissolved during the reaction time and a crystalline solid (diisopropylammonium tetrazolide) precipitates. After 16 hours, the reaction was quenched with pyridine (1 ml) and diluted into acid free ethyl-acetate (100 ml). The solution was extracted twice with an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and once with brine, successively.

The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of this salt, the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to afford a glass which was redissolved in a mixture of chloroform, ethylacetate and triethylamine (45:45:10, v/v/v) and chromatographed on silica gel with the same solvent. Column chromatography fractions containing the desired product were combined and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The product was dissolved in toluene and precipitated into n-pentane. The nucleoside phosphorothioamidite was isolated after drying the precipitate in vacuo over P₂ O₅ /KOH (3.33 g, 80.1 % yield).

31P-NMR delta 161.3 and 159.97 ppm (two diastereomers) with respect to external standard of H3PO4 for the thymidine derivative. 1H NMR delta 8.0 (N--H), 7.59 and 7.58 (2×d, JHH=1.2 Hz), 7.42-7.19 (m), 6.83 (d, JHH=8.7 Hz), 6.37 (q, H1'), 4.65-4.58 (m, H3'), 2.05-1.83 (m, H6'), 3.80-3.61 (m, CH2 of p-chlorobenzyl), 3.78 (s, H6), 3.48-3.29 (m, H5'), 2.45-2.24 (m, H2), 1.44 (Ch3 - T), 1.17-1.04 (m, CH3 of isopropyl).

EXAMPLE II

Synthesis of dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triesters of the formula: ##STR15## represented as IIa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenymethyl

5'-O-di-p-anisylphenymethylthymidine-3'-S-(p-chlorobenzyl) diisopropylaminophosphoramidite (compound la) (0.2 mmol, 166.3 mg) and 3'-O-acetylthymidine (0.2 mmol, 56,8 mg) were dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (2 ml). p-Nitrophenyltetrazole (1 mmol, 191.2 mg) was next added to this solution. After 15 minutes, the reaction to the dinucleoside thiophosphite was quenched with sulfur (1 mmole, 32 mg). The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethylacetate (50 ml) and the sulfur removed by filtration through a cotton plug. After removal of the solvents in high vacuo, the desired product was dissolved in ethylacetate (10 ml) and extracted twice with aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and once with brine, successively. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the salt, the product was chromatographed on silica with a mixture of 1.1.1-trichloroethane and methanol (92.5:7.5, v/v). The product fractions were combined and the solvent removed in vacuo. The dinucleoside phosphorodithioate was dissolved in toluene and precipitated into n-pentane (31P-NMR delta 97.8, 96.2 with respect to 85 % H₃ PO₄ as an external standard). FAB- mass spectrum, 1047 (M-), 921 (-p-chlorobenzyl), 743 (-DMT), 619 (-DMT and p-chlorobenzyl), 519 (3'-0-acetylthymidine 5'-O-p-chlorobenzylphosphorodithioate), 395 (3'-O-acetylthymidine 5'-O-phosphorodithioate).

The p-chlorobenzyl group was removed from the phosphorodithioate triester with a mixture of dioxane:triethylamine:thiophenol (2:2:1, v/v/v) within 1.5 hours at room temperature.

EXAMPLE II

Synthesis of dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate of the formula: ##STR16## represented as IId wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl

The first step was condensation of 5'-O-dimethoxytritylthymidine with bis(diisopropylamino)-chlorophosphine in dioxane containing triethylamine. The resulting phosphorodiamidite was reacted without isolation with 3'-O-acetylthymidine to yield a homogeneous dinucleoside amidite in 62% yield after silica gel chromatography (5% triethylamine in ethylacetate). Synthesis of the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate proceeded by dissolving the dinucleoside phosphoroamidite (470 mg. 0.5 mmol) in acteonitrile (5 ml), bubbling H₂ S through the solution for 1 min, adding tetrazole (35 mg, 0.5 mmol in 1 ml acetonitrile). and finally stirring the sealed reaction flasks for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to a gum on a rotary evaporator, redissolved in ethylacetate (50 ml) and extracted twice with 2M triethylammonium bicarbonate (pH 7.4, 20 ml each). After concentrating in vacuo to a gum, the product as dissolved in dichloromethane (5 ml) and isolated by precipitation into pentane (400 mg 90%). FAB+ mass spectrum, 527 (anhydro DMT dt); FAB- mass spectrum, 890 (M-), 623 (DMT dt-3'-PHO2-), 363 (M - 527, 5'-PHO₂ --dT-3'-OAc); 31P-NMR delta 71.7 and 70.7 (1JHP=673.8 Hz and 676.3 Hz); 1 H NMR delta 7.81 and 7.80 (P--H, 1JHP=671.4 Hz and 676.7 Hz), 7.55 and 7.53 (s, H6), 7.37-7.20 (m, aromatic), 6.82 (d, J =8.8 Hz, DMT), 6.49 and 6.26 (m, H1'), 5.49 and 5.25 (m, H3'), 4.35 (m, H4'), 4.19 (m, H5'), 4.07 (m, H4'), 3.76 (s, MeO-DMT), 3.42 (m,H5'), 2.54-2.32 (m, H2'), 2.08 and 2.07 (2×s, CH3-acetyl) 1.90 (m, CH₃ --T), 1.43 (s, CH₃ --T). Rf=0.35 and 0.28 (methanol/dichloromethane, 1:9, v/v).

EXAMPLE IV

Synthesis of a dinucleoside phosphorodithioate of the formula: ##STR17## represented as IIa-1 wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisyphenylmethyl

Dithymidine phosphorodithioate was synthesized by stirring the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate (104 mg, 0.1 mmol in 1 ml dichloromethane, compound IId) with elementary sulfur (1 mmol in 2 ml toluene: 2, 6-lutidine, 19:1, v/v) for 0.5 hours. Purification via silica gel column chromatography (0-12% methanol in dichloromethane and 0.5 % triethylamine) afforded 70 % isolated yield. FAB+ mass spectrum, 303 (DMT+); FAB- mass spectrum, 921 (M-), 395 (5'-PSO2--dt-3'-OAc); 31P-NMR delta 112.7; 1H NMR delta 8.12 (s,NH), 7.90 and 7.60 (2×s, H6), 7.40-7.24 (m, aromatic), 6.80 (d, JHP=8.8 Hz, DMT), 6.43 (m, H1'), 5,46-5.36 (m, H3'), 4.40 (m, H4'), 4.16 (m, H5'), 3.76 (s, MeO-DMT), 3.52 (m, H5'). 2.28 (m, H2'). 2.05 (CH₃ -acetyl), 1.97 (CH₃ --T), 1.58 (s, CH₃ --T). Rf=0.14 (methanol/dichloromethane, 1:9, v/v).

The dinucleoside phosphorodithioate was deprotected by standard procedures and isolated in 86 % yield after ether extractions (3×), Sephadex™ G10 gel filtration (H2O), and lyophilization as the ammonium salt. FAB+ mass spectrum, 579 (M); 31P-NMR delta (D2O) 113.3; 1H NMR delta 7.60 and 7.46 (2×s, H6), 6.11 and 5.99 (m, H1'), 5.17 (m, H3'), 4.85 (m, H3'), 4.15 (m, H4'), 4.03 and 3.62 (m, H5'), 2.21 (m, H2'), 1.88 (m, CH3-T). Rf=0.25 (methanol/triethylamine/chloroform, 15:1:84, v/v/v). When the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate was phosphorylated with T4-polynucleotide kinase and gamma-32P! ATP, the rate of kination was approximately one-half that of unmodified 3'-5' dithymidine phosphate under identical conditions. Further testing with snake venom phosphodiesterase (Crotalus adamanteus venom, Sigma) indicated that the phosphorodithioate was stable using conditions wherein the natural dinucleotide was completely hydrolyzed (assayed by reverse phase HPLC). This compound was also observed to be stable to conc. ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (16 h) as no degradation or isomerization was observed (³¹ P-NMR, thin layer chromatography).

EXAMPLE V

Synthesis of a dinucleoside phophorodithioate 3'-phosphoramidite of the formula: ##STR18## represented as XVa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl

In order to introduce the phosphorodithioate linkage into oligonucleotides, a protection/deprotection scheme for the phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage was developed. Thus, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate, Ila-1, (57 mg, 0.06 mmol) was alkylated with alpha,2,4-trichlorotoluene (50 μl, 1 h, 55 C) in acetonitrile to yield the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester quantitatively, Further testing revealed that it was completely stable to reagents used in DNA synthesis (1% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane and iodine in aqueous lutidine/THF) and that the phosphorodithioate triester was specifically S-dealkylated by treatment with thiophenolate (thiophenol:triethylamine:dioxane, 1:1:2, v/v/v. t1/2 =3 min at room temperature). FAB+ mass spectrum, 527 (anhydro DMT dt); FAB- mass spectrum, 923 (M+1-dichlorobenzyl), 813 (DMT dt-3'-PSOS-dcb), 553 (5'-PSOS-dcb-dT-3"OAc); 31P-NMR (CH₃ CN, ext. lock) delta 94.4 and 93.7, 1H NMR delta 7.55 and 7.52 (2×s, H6), 7.37-7.23 (m, aromatic) 681 (d, J+4.6 Hz, DMT), 634 and 6.28 (m, H1'), 5.38 and 5.01 (m, H3'), 4.24-4.08 (m, CH₂ -benzyl, H5'+H4'), 3.76 (s, MeO-DMT), 3.42 (m, H5'), 2.39 (m, H2'), 2.08 (s, CH₃ -acetyl), 1.89 and 1.87 (2×s, CH₃ --T). 1.43 and 1.42 (2×s, CH₃ --T). Rf=0.74 (methanol/triethylamine/chloroform, 15:1:84, v/v/v.

Conversion to a synthon useful for DNA synthesis was a two step process. The dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester was first deacylated (the 3' acetyl group) using 0.15M tert-butylamine in methanol (0° C., 10 h) and purified by silica gel chromatography to yield IIa (R₃ =H). Less than 5% cleavage of the internucleotide linkage (31P NMR, TLC) was observed. The deacylated compound was then reacted with bis(diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxy phosphine (1.5 eq) in the presence of tetrazole (1 eq, 1 h at room temperature) to yield the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester as the 3'-phosphoramidite in 76 % yield. 31P-NMR delta 149.4, 149.4, 148.9 25 and 97.2, 95.7, 95.5. IH NMR delta 7.56 (s, H6), 7.33-7.27 (m, aromatic), 6.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz), DMT), 6.39-6.29 (m, H1'), 5.44 (m, H3'), 3.79 (s, MeO-DMT), 1.90 (s, CH₃ --T), 1.45 (s, CH₃ --T), 1.18 (d, J=6.6 Hz, CH₃ -iPr). Rf=0.29 and 0.17 (chloroform:ethylaceate:triethylamine, 45:45:10, v/v/v). The resulting dinucleotide phosphoramidite, XVa, has been used successfully in combination with unmodified mononucleoside phosphoramidites for the synthesis of a 26-mer DNA fragment containing the phosphorodithioate linkage between position 8-9 (98.2 % coupling efficiency). The synthesis was completed on silica based polymeric supports and phosphoramidite coupling methodologies (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,458,066 and 4,415,732). The oligodeoxynucleotide had the following sequence in which the one phosphorodithioate linkage is marked x instead of p. d(TpGpTpGpGpApApTxTpGpTpGpApGpCpGpGpApTpApApCpApApTpT).

EXAMPLE VI

Synthesis of dinucleoside thioamidates, thiotriester, and thioate of the formulae: ##STR19## represented as IIb and IIf wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); and 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

The dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate was also found to be useful as a versatile synthon for preparing several analogs rapidly (5 min) in quantitative yield (³¹ P-NMR). Thus when oxidized with iodine/n-butylamine, the phosphorothioamidate (IIf) was isolated in 92 % yield. FAB- mass spectrum, 961 (M-), 695 (DMT dt-3'-POSNHBU), 434 (5'-POSNHBU-dt-3'-OAc); ³¹ P-NMR delta 74.4 and 74.0; 1 H NMR delta 8.36 and 8.34 (2×s, NH), 7.59 and 7.56 (2×s, H'), 7.44-7.24 (m, aromatic), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, DMT), 6.41 and 6.28 (m, H1'), 5.28 and 5.23 (m, H3'), 4.21 and 4.13 (m, H4'(2×) - H5'), 3.77 (s, MeO-DMT), 3.43 (m, H5'), 2.94 (m, CH₂ --N), 2.41 (m, H2'), 2.09 and 2.07 (2×s, CH₃ -acetyl), 1.93 and 1.88 (2×s, CH_(3--T)), 1.42 (s, CH3-T), 1.39-1.23 (m, CH2), 0.90 and 0.83 (2×t, J=7.2 Hz and 7.1 Hz, CH₃). Rf=0.56 (methanol/dichloromethane, 1:9, v/v).

The dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate was converted quantitatively to a phosphorothioate triester by oxidation with iodine and 9-anthracenyl methanol (10 equivalents) under anhydrous conditions (lib). FAB+ mass spectrum, 527 (anhydro DMT dt); FAB- mass spectrum, 906 (m-anthracenylmethyl), 639 (DMT dt-3'-PSO₂ -), 379 (5'-PSO2--dt-3'-OAc). ³¹ P-NMR delta 51.7 and 51.0. Rf=0.41 (methanol/dichloromethane, 1:9, v/v).

Treatment of the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate with an aqueous solution of iodine and pyridine using art form conditions gave the dinucleoside phosphorothioate (llb) in 87 % yield. FAB- mass spectrum, 906 (M-), 603 (M-DMT), 379 (5'-PSO₂ -dt-3'-OAc). ³¹ P-NMR delta 60.2 and 60.0.

EXAMPLE VII

Synthesis of nucleoside 3'-phosphorodithioate of the formulae: ##STR20## represented as Ib wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl

3'-O-(Diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethyphosphino-5'-O-(di-p-methoxytrityl) thymidine (27.7 mg, 0.04 mmol) was prepared by art form methods (M. H. Caruthers and S. L. Beaucage U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,732) and then dissolved in anhydrous acteonitrile (440 μl). Hydrogen sulfide was bubbled through for 1 min and tetrazole (7.0 mg in 200 μl CH₃ CN, 0.1 mmol) was added. After 10 min ³¹ P-NMH spectroscopy showed quantitative conversion to the diastereomers (delta 70.9 and 70.2 ppm, 1JPH=675 Hz) of the nucleoside H-phosphorodithioate. ³¹ P-NMR (CH₃ CN) delta 114.0 ppm. FAB- mass spectrum, 708 (M-), 182 (M-DMT dt+0). 1H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.53 (s, H6), 7.35-6.81 (m, aromatic), 6.15 (t, H1' J=6.4 Hz), 5.12 (m, H3'), 4.20 (m, CH₂ O-P), 2.77 (t, CH₂ CN, J=6.2 Hz), 2.56-2.44 (m, H2'), 1.91 (s, CH₃ --T).

Protected nucleoside 3'-phosphorodithioate was dissolved in 80 % aqueous acetic acid (4 ml) and left for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water (4 ml) and extracted 3 timed with ether (5 ml). The water phase was evaporated to an oil followed by a co-evaporation with water (5 ml).

The oil was redissolved in 25% aqueous ammonia and incubated at 55° C. for 16 h, The mixture was re-evaporated and lyophilized with water to yield the nucleoside 3'-phosphorodithioate. FAB- mass spectrum, 338 (M-). FAB+ mass spectrum, 338 (dt-P+SH=S).

EXAMPLE VIII

Synthesis of nucleoside 5'-phosphorodithioate of the formula: ##STR21## represented as Ib wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

A solution of N₆ -benzoyl-2-3-methoxymethylideneadenosine (413 mg, 1.1 mmol) in anhydrous CHCl₃ (5 ml and tetrazole (76 mg, 1.1 mmol, in CH₃ CN (2.2 m.)) was added 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropyl phosphorodiamidite (345 mg, 1.1 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 20 min. Precipitation of diisopropyl ammonium tetrazolide appeared after 1/2 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂ CL₂ (50 ml) and extracted with NaHCO₃ (5% w/v, 50 ml), back-extracted with CH₂ CL₂ (25 ml), the organic phase dried over Na₂ SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. ³¹ P-NMR analysis (CH₃ CN) showed delta 147.9 ppm. Crude product (0.71 g) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₃ CN (5 ml) and bubbled with hydrogen sulfide for 1 min. The reaction mixture was sealed and after 10 min a precipitate of diisopropyl ammonium tetrazolide appeared ³¹ P-NMR (CH₃ CN) delta 72.2 and 71.8 ppm, 1 JPH=669 Hz). The reaction mixture was evaporated to an oil in vacuo, redissolved in ethylacetate (50 ml), extracted with TEAB (1 M, pH=7.4, 50 ml), and back-extracted with ethylacetate (50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂ SO₄, filtered, evaporated, and the oil was redissolved in CH₂ Cl₂ (5 ml.) Excess elementary sulfur (80 mg, 2.5 mmol, in 5 ml toluene/2,6-lutidine, 19:1, v/v) was added. Stirring at room temperature for 1 h gave the phosphorodithioate product. ³¹ P-NMR (CH₃ CN) delta 114.4 and 114.3. Rf (silica)=0.34 in CH₂ Cl₂ (9:1, v/v).

In addition to those compounds described above, a second aspect of the present invention provides novel and useful nucleotides and polynucleotides having other structure modifications at the phosphorus atom and to the process leading to the synthesis of these compounds. More specifically, the invention describes procedures for synthesizing polynucleotide phosphorodithioate, H-phosphonothioate, phosphorothioate and phosphorothioamidate compounds from nucleosid-3'-yl phosphorodiamidite and nucleosid-3'-yl phosphorothioamidite synthons. These procedures are especially useful for preparing high molecular weight polynucleotides having these modifications or high molecular weight polynucleotides having these modifications in any combination or in combination with natural internucleotide linkages. The invention therefore provides procedures for preparing polynucleotide phosphorodithioate, H-phosphonothioate, phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonothioate and phosphorothioamidate compounds from nucleosid-3'-yl hydrogen phosphonodithioate, nucleosid-3'-yl-S-aralkylphosphorodithioate and nucleosid 3'-methylphosphonothioate synthons. These additional novel procedures of the invention are especially useful for preparing polynucleotide phosphorodithioate, polynucleotide phosphorothioate, polynucleotide methylphosphonothioate and polynucleotide phosphorothioamidate compounds either exclusively or in any combination including combinations with natural internucleotide linkages wherein large quantities of polynucleotides are required for various uses. The polynucleotide phosphorodithioate compounds synthesized with the nucleosid-3'-yl hydrogenphosphonodithioate and nucleosid-3'-yl-S-aralkyl phosphorodithioate synthons also appear to have less contamination of the phosphorothioate side-product.

In general, the compounds according to this second aspect of the present invention may be represented more specifically than previously described (for example, compound XXI is more specific than compounds Ia, Ib and IIa-f described earlier) by the following general formulae XXI to XXIX: ##STR22##

The compounds of general formula XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV are useful for the synthesis of polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate, phosphorothioamidate, alkyl or aryl phosphonothioate and phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages which are useful for various biological applications. These compounds are also useful for various biological applications.

In general, one reaction scheme for the synthesis of compounds XXI, XXII, XXV, XXVI, XXVII and XXIX are shown in the following overview: ##STR23##

The preferred reaction scheme for synthesizing compounds XXI, XXII, XXV, XXVI, XXVII and XXIX are shown in the following overview: ##STR24##

The process of the generalized reaction scheme involves first the synthesis of XXIa and the conversion of this novel compound to various mononucleotides and oligonucleotides having modified chemical structures. The synthesis of XXIa proceeds by reacting XXXa with preferably bis(triazoyl)chlorophosphine, compound XXXIa, followed by a treatment with H₂ S for five minutes. Various other bis-aminophosphines such as tetrazoyl, imidazoyl, diisopropylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, morpholino, piperidino and pyrrolidono derivatives are additional examples of amino groups that can be used. After purging with an inert gas to remove H₂ S, compound XXIa can be isolated by purification and precipitation. Compound XXIa can then be converted via novel processes to XXIIa. Thus, when compound XXIa is treated with one equivalent each of water and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or N-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide in pyridine for 30 minutes, the nucleoside 3'-hydrogenphosphonothioate forms in essentially quantitative yield. Formation of compound XXIXa via a similar reaction was possible by treatment of compound XXIa with compound XXXIIIa and N-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide. After 15 minutes reaction time, compound XXIXa can be isolated by purification and precipitation from n-pentane. Thus, compound XXIa can be used to prepare dinucleoside hydrogenphosphonothioates.

These novel compounds XXIa are not as reactive as the nucleoside diamidites and not as unstable, but react readily with unblocked 3'-OH or 5'-OH of nucleosides under normal reaction conditions. The novel nucleoside hydrogenphosphonodithioates are stable under normal laboratory conditions to hydolysis and air oxidation and may be stored as dry, stable powders. Therefore, the novel compounds are more easily employed in the process of forming internucleotide H-phosphonothioate bonds. The resulting compound XXIXa can then be used to form nucleoside phosphorodithioates, dinucleoside phosphorothioamidates, and dinucleoside phosphorothioates.

The novel compound XXIa may be used to form novel mononucleotide phosphorodithioamidates and dinucleoside phosphorodithioates via a novel oxidative process. The synthesis of compound XXVa, a mononucleotide phosphorodithioamidate, proceeds by treating a pyridine solution of compound XXIa with 2-aminoanthracene and iodine to yield compound XXVa which may be isolated after purification by precipitation from n-pentane. When XXIa and XXXIIIa in pyridine were treated with one equivalent iodine, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate, compound XXVIa was the only detectable product. After addition of sodium bisulfite to oxidize any excess iodine and filtration to remove salts, compound XXVIa may be isolated by purification and precipitation from n-pentane. Thus, compound XXIa can be used to prepare XXVIa, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate. For preparation of dinucleoside phosphorodithioates, compound XXVIa, the condensation of XXIa with XXXIIIa may be monitored by decolorization of the iodine solution. This is an especially attractive feature as the persistence of the light brown color of excess iodine indicates when the coupling is complete. Furthermore, this novel method also appears to be relatively free of reactions which lead to significant quantities of phosphorothioates as side products. This is because contaminating oxygen does not interfere with the activation process and elemental sulfur, which is difficult to solubilize and is a rather poor oxidant of P(III) compounds, is not part of the sulfurization reactions.

The resulting novel dinucleoside phosphorodithioate can then be reacted with various alkylating agents to yield XXVIIa, and this compound may then be incorporated into polynucleotides.

In addition to this first novel process, a second reaction scheme was also discovered for the purpose of synthesizing compounds XXXVIII and XXVII, the completely protected dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester. This second scheme is as follows: ##STR25##

The preferred reaction scheme is as follows: ##STR26##

Preferably, R₁, R₄, and R₈ may be removable as blocking groups under different chemical conditions so that each can be selectively eliminated in the presence of the other. One such preferable combination of conditions would be R₁ removed with acid (as in the case of di-p-methoxytrityl), R₈ removed by a base (as in the case of β-cyanoethyl), and R₄ removed by thiophenol (as in the case of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl). Of course all other "blocking groups" according to the invention may also be selected so that each can be selectively eliminated in the presence of the others. Using these combinations of blocking groups, XXVII can be extended to form polynucleotides simply by removing either R₁ or R₃ preferentially followed by the chemistry outlined in the scheme immediately above.

The process of the scheme above involves the condensation of nucleoside phosphoramidites such as XXXIVa according to the process in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,732 to yield XXXVIa. Reaction of XXXVIa without isolation with sulfur yields XXXVIIa which can them be converted to XXXVIIIa with triethylamine under anhydrous conditions. The triethylammonium salts of XXXVIIIa may then be stored as a solid. Of course, other bases that preferentially remove the R₈ protecting group in the presence of R₄ may also be used.

Reaction of XXXVIIa with XXXIIIa in the presence of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride then yields XXVIIa, the completely protected dinucleoside phosphorodithioate. Of course, other activating agents such as mesitylenesulfonyl chloride and tetrazolide can be used to synthesize XXVIIa. Compound XXVIIa may then be further extended to synthesize larger polynucleotides by removing R₁ from XXVIIa with acid and condensing the resulting compound with XXXVIIa using triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride or tetrazolide as a condensing agent to yield a trinucleotide with two phosphorodithioate linkages. Alternatively, XXVIIa may be treated with a base to remove R₃ and then converted to the dinucleoside 3'-phosphoramidite analogous to XXXIVa, using the known conditions in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,732, which can subsequently be converted as in the scheme immediately above to a dinucleoside-3'-yl-S-aralkylphosphorodithioate analogous to XXXVIIIa. This compound may then be condensed with XXVIIa, wherein R₁ has been removed with acid, using triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride to yield a tetranucleotide having three phosphorodithioate linkages. These polynucleotides may then be further extended in a similar manner to form longer polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate linkages or by using nucleoside 3'-phosphate diesters to polynucleotides having both phosphorodithioate and phosphate internucleotide linkages.

A third novel reaction scheme that can be used for synthesizing novel compounds XXIV and XXVIII is depicted below: ##STR27##

The preferred reaction scheme is represented as: ##STR28## wherein R₉ is a heteroatom substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkly, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkenyl, alkynyl, aralkynyl, or cycloalkynyl group.

The process of this third reaction scheme starts with a nucleosid-3-yl-methylphosphonodiisopropylamidite, XXXIXa, which is sulfhydrolyzed with H₂ S and tetrazole to yield XXIVa. Of course, other amino groups as previously defined by X may replace the diisopropyl group. Compound XXIVa may then be treated with XXXIIIa in the presence of one equivalent iodine in pyridine to yield XXVIIIa, and the product purified by column chromatography. The choice of reaction solvent for the reaction with iodine is critical as essentially no product corresponding to XXVIIIa forms when the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane.

The preferred novel compounds of this aspect of the invention are those compounds of general formula XXI, XXIII, XXIV, and XXVII.

Novel compounds XXI may be used to prepare XXIX, the dinucleoside H-phosphonothioates. Compound XXIX may then be converted to preferably dinucleoside phosphorodithioates (XXVI), dinucleoside phosphorothioamidates and dinucleoside phosphorothioates. Compound XXI may also be condensed with an appropriate nucleoside, XXXIII, with iodine to form XXVI, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate which can be converted to XXVII via a conventional alkylating agent.

Preferred compound XXIII can react with an appropriate nucleoside, XXXIII, and a condensing agent such as triisopropylsulfonyl chloride, to form XXVII.

EXAMPLE IX

Synthesis of nucleoside 3'-hydrogenphosphonodithioate (formula XXIa) of the formula: ##STR29## wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

To a solution of 25 mmol of PCI₃ (2.18 ml, 3.43 g) in 250 ml CH₂ Cl₂ containing 250 mmol (25.3 g, 27.5 ml) of N-methylmorpholine was added 83.35 mmol (5.75 g) of 1,2,4-triazole. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and cooled to 0° C. In this process the reaction mixture became turbid. ³¹ P-NMR of the reaction mixture indicated complete formation of chloro-bis-triazolylphosphane (48.1 ppm). To this solution was added 5 mmol (2.73 g) of di-p-methoxytritylthymidine dissolved in 66 ml of dry CH₂ Cl₂. After allowing the reaction mixture to come to room temperature in a period of 15 minutes, H₂ S gas was passed through it for an additional period of 15 minutes. During sulfhydrolysis, the reaction mixture became clear. After removal of excess H₂ S by passing argon gas through the product mixture, the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The resulting yellow solid was taken up in CH₂ Cl₂, and the solution extracted twice with 1M triethylammonium hydrogencarbonate. To remove the desired product (³¹ P-NMR: 87.5 ppm) from the hydrolysis products (³¹ P-NMR: 113.8 ppm, 52.7 ppm), the organic layer was subjected to chromatography (CH₂ Cl₂ /EtOZa/CH₃ OH/NEt₃, 60:30:5:5, v:v:v:V) after being dried over NaSO₄. The product fractions were pooled and the product precipitated into n-pentane/ether, (9:1, V:V). The desired product was obtained in 56.6% yield (2.1 g).

EXAMPLE X

Synthesis of the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate (formula XXVIa) of the formula: ##STR30## wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.1 mmol (74.19 mg) 5'-di-p-methoxytrityl-3'-hydrogenphosphonodithioate was dissolved in 0.9 ml of dry pyridine containing 0.12 mmol (28 mg) of 3'-acetylthymidine. To this solution was added drop-wise 110 μl of a 1M solution of I₂ in pyridine. The reaction mixture decolorized instantly when the iodine was added. As the coupling was complete, a brown color persisted for at least 5 minutes. The ³¹ P-NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture indicated two peaks: one of the desired product at 115.65 ppm, and a side product at 116.7 ppm (10%). After extraction with aqueous sodium bisulfite, which led to the disappearance of the peak caused by the side product, the mixture was subjected to column chromatography using CH₃ CCl_(3/) CH₃₀ H/NEt₃ (85:14.5:0.5, v:v:v). The product fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness. Precipitation from CHCl₃ into n-pentane gave a white solid in 57% (63 mg) yield.

EXAMPLE XI

Synthesis of the nucleoside phosphorodithioamidate of the formula: ##STR31## represented as XXVa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₉ is 2-anthracenyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.1 mmol (74.19 mg) of 5'-di-p-methoxytritylthymidine 3'-hydrogenphosphonodithioate was dissolved in 0.9 ml of dry pyridine containing 0.12 mmol (23 mg) of 2-aminoanthracene. To this solution was added drop-wise 110 μl of a 1M solution of I₂ in pyridine. The reaction mixture decolorized instantly when the iodine was added. As the coupling was complete, a brown color persisted for at least 5 minutes. The ³¹ P-NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture indicated two peaks: one of the desired product at 95.5 ppm, and a side product at 105.4 ppm (10%). After extraction with aqueous sodium bisulfite, the mixture was subjected to column chromatography using CH₃ CCl₃ /CH₃ OH/NEt₃ (85:14.5:0.5, v:v:v). The fluorescent product fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness. Precipitation from CHCl₃ into n-pentane gave a yellow solid in 47% (44 mg) yield.

EXAMPLE XII

Synthesis of nucleoside phosphorodithioate triester of the formula: ##STR32## represented as XXVIIa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₄ is 2,4-dichlorobenzyl; wherein R₃ is acetyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

In order to introduce the phosphorodithioate linkage into oligonucleotides, a protection/deprotection scheme for the phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage was developed. Thus, the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate XXVIa of Example X (57 mg, 0.06 mmol) was alkylated with alpha,2,4-trichlorotoluene (50 μl, 1 hr., 55° C.) in acetonitrile to yield the dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester quantitatively. Further testing revealed that this was stable to reagents used in DNA synthesis (1% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane and iodine in aqueous lutidine/THF), and that the phosphorodithioate triester was specifically S-dealkylated by treatment with thiophenolate (thiophenol:triethylamine:dioxane, 1:1:2, v:v:v, t_(1/2) =3 minutes at room temperature).

Conversion to a synthon useful for DNA synthesis was a two-step process. The dinucleoside phosphorodithioate triester was first deacylated (removal of the 3'-acetyl group) using 0.15M t-butylamine in methanol at 0° C. for 10 hours, and purified by silica gel chromatography. Less than 5% cleavage of the internucleotide linkage was observed. The deacylated compound was then reacted with bis(diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxy phosphine (1,5 eq) in the presence of tetrazole (1 eq) for 1 hour at room temperature to produce the dinucleotide phosphorodithioate triester as the 3'-phosphoramidite in 76% yield. The resulting dinucleotide phosphoramidite has been used successfully in combination with modified mononucleoside phosphoramidites for the synthesis of a 26-mer DNA fragment containing the phosphorodithioate linkages between positions 8-9 (98.2% coupling efficiency). The synthesis was completed on silica based polymeric supports and phosphoramidite using the teachings contained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,732. The resulting oligonucleotide had the following sequence in which the one phosphorodithioate linkage is marked by x instead of p: d(TpGpTpGpGpApApTxTpGpTpGpApGpCpGpGpApTpApApCpApApTpT)

EXAMPLE XIII

Synthesis of nucleoside hydrogenphosphonothioate of the formula: ##STR33## represented as XXIIa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.1 mmol of the compound according to formula XXIa (74.2 mg) was treated for 30 minutes with either 0.1 mmol of DCC and 1 mmol (18 III) of water in 1 ml of pyridine, or 0.5 mmol of 2-chloro-1-methyl pyridinium iodide in pyridine. In both cases, the partial hydrolysis was complete. After evaporation of the reaction mixture to dryness, extraction with aqueous 1M triethylammonium hydrogencarbonate, the reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography using CH₃ CCl₃ /CH₃ OH (4:1. v:v) containing 0.5% of triethylamine to yield the desired product.

EXAMPLE XIV

Synthesis of dinucleoside hydrogenphosphonothioate of the formula: ##STR34## represented as XXIXa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₃ is acetyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.1 mmol (74 mg) of 5'-dimethoxytritylthymidine 3'-hydrogenphosphonodithioate was dissolved in 1 ml of dry pyridine containing 0.1 mmol (28 mg) of 3'-acetylthymidine and 0.15 mmol (38 mg) of N-methyl-2-chloropyridiniumiodide. After 15 minutes, the ³¹ P-NMR spectrum indicated the formation of mainly the desired product (³¹ P-NMR: 71.7 and 70.0 ppm), but also 5'-di-p-methoxytritylthymidine-3'-hydrogenphosphonothioate (³¹ P-NMR: 52.7 and 52.2 ppm) and unreacted starting material (16%). After evaporation to dryness and extraction with aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, the reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography using CH₃ CCl₃ /CH₃ OH/NEt₃ (90:9.5:.05, v:v:v). The product fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness.

Precipitation from CHCl₃ into n-pentane produced a white solid product in 45% (40 mg) yield.

EXAMPLE XV

Synthesis of nucleoside S-(4-chlorobenzyl)phosphorodithioate of the formula: ##STR35## represented as XXIIa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₄ is 4-chlorobenzyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

To a solution of 372.4 mg (0.5 mmol) of 5'-O-di-p-methoxytritylthymid-3'-yl-O-(β-cyanoethyl)phosphordiisopropylamidite in 2.5 ml dry and deoxygenated CH₃ CN was added 0.22 ml (0.262 g, 1.65 mmol) of 4-chlorobenzylmercaptan and a solution of 84,8 mg (1.2 mmol) of tetrazole in 2 ml of CH₃ CN. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 40 minutes, at which time a saturated solution of sulfur (2.25 ml) in toluene/2,6-lutidine (19/l) was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to continue to stir at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc and the organic layer was washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and saturated NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The crude residue obtained was dissolved in a minimum amount of CH₂ Cl₂ and precipitated into pentane to give 0.4 g (96% yield) of colorless solid. Further purification by silica gel chromatography using CH₃ CCl₃ /CH₃ OH/NEt₃ (97:2:1, v:v:v) resulted in a certain amount of β-cyanoethyl group cleavage, and thus pure product was not obtainable.

To a solution of 372.4 mg (0.5 mmol) of 5'-O-di-p-methoxytritylthymid-3'-yl-O-(β-cyanoethyl) S-4-chlorobenzenylphosphorodithioate in 2 ml of NEt₃ and 2 ml of CH₃ CN was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Solvent was removed by evaporation and the crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using CH₂ Cl₂ /CH₃ OH/NEt₃ (95:3:1, v:v:v) to give 0.29 gram foamy compound XXIIIa as the triethylammonium salt (85.7% yield).

EXAMPLE XVI

Synthesis of dinucleoside phosphorodithioate of the formula: ##STR36## represented as XXVIIa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₄ is 4-chlorobenzyl; wherein R₃ is acetyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

To a solution of 30 mg (34 μmol) of XXIIIa and 11.62 mg (1.2 eq) of 3'-O-acetylthymidine in 0.6 ml dry pyridine was added 30.9 mg (3 eq) of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride and 21 μl (21.6 mg; 7.7 eq) of 1-methylimidazole at room temperature under argon. The progress of the coupling reaction was monitored by ³¹ P-NMR. After 25 minutes, the complete disappearance of the starting XXIIIa (71.7 and 71.2 ppm) and the formation of the pyrophosphorodithioate intermediate (81.4 and 81.1 ppm) and the desired XXVIIa (95.3 and 94.7 ppm) were observed. The reaction was complete after 2 hours at room temperature and its ³¹ P-NMR showed 5 peaks at 99.1 ppm (8,3% intermediate, unidentified product), 95.0 and 94.4 ppm (89.2% intermediate, desired dimer 5'-O-di-p-methoxytritylthymidine-3'-O-(s-4-chlorobenzyl)-3'-O-(5'-O-thymidylyl-3'-O-acetyl)phosphorodithioate (XXVI1a), and 26.9 and 26.7 ppm (2.5% intermediate, undesired phosphorothioate dimer). The selectivity of the oxygen vs sulfur activation of XXIIa in the above coupling reaction is 97.3:2.7.

EXAMPLE XVII

Synthesis of nucleoside methylthiophosphinate of the formula: ##STR37## represented as XXIVa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.5 mmol (389 mg) of 5'-dimethoxytrityl-N-4-benzoyl-deoxycytidine-3'-methylphosphonodiisopropylamidite was dissolved in 3 ml of dry acetonitrile. To this solution was added a solution of 2 mmol (140 mg) of tetrazole in acetonitrile. Subsequently, H₂ S was passed through this solution for 5 minutes. The crude reaction mixture displayed two ³¹ P-NMR signals at 70.7 and 70.5 ppm. The product mixture was then diluted with 50 ml of ethylacetate and was extracted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. After drying over sodium sulfate and removal of salt and solvents, the product was taken up in toluene and precipitated into n-pentane. The product was obtained in 94.1% yield (335 mg).

EXAMPLE XVIII

Synthesis of the dinucleoside methylphosphonothioate of the formula: ##STR38## represented as XXIVa wherein B may be 1-Thyminyl; 1-(N-4-benzoylcytosinyl); 9-(N-6-benzoyladeninyl); or 9-(N-2-isobutyrylguaninyl); wherein R₃ is acetyl; and wherein DMT is di-p-anisylphenylmethyl.

0.1 mmol (71.2 mg) 5'-dimethoxytrityl-N-4-benzoyldeoxycytidine-3'-hydrogenmethylthiophosphinate was dissolved in 9.0 ml of dry pyridine containing 0.1 mmol (28 mg) of 3'-acetylthymidine. To this solution was added, drop-wise, 110 μl of a 1M solution of I₂ in pyridine. The reaction mixture decolorized within 2 minutes. As the coupling was complete, the brown color persisted for at least 5 minutes. The ³¹ P-NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture indicated two peaks, one of the desired product at 98.06 and 97.18 ppm, and several side-products at 87.05 and 86.58 ppm (30%). After extraction with aqueous sodium bisulfite, the reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography using CH₃ CCl₃ /CH₃ OH (9:1, v:v). The product fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness. Precipitation from CHCl₃ into n-pentane followed. The product was obtained as a white solid in 47% (47 mg) yield. If the reaction was carried out in CH₂ Cl₂, almost no formation of dimer was observed by ³¹ P-NMR. Instead, several products giving NMR-signals from 85.3-93.4 ppm were formed.

EXAMPLE XIX

This example demonstrates synthesis of the monomeric thiophosphoramidite nucleoside intermediates used for the synthesis of "end-capped" polynucleotides; i.e., partially modified polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate linkages on the 3'-and/or 5'-ends used in later examples to demonstrate antisense efficacy. An example is given for synthesis of the thymidine intermediate, with preparation of the adenosine, cytosine, and guanosine intermediates following a parallel synthesis scheme.

Dimethoxytritylthymidine (20.2 g, 37.2 mmoles) was dried by co-evaporation in dry pyridine (2×150 ml) followed by co-evaporation with 1:1 anhydrous methylene chloride/toluene (2×150 ml). The resulting solid was further dried overnight in a desiccator under vacuum. Methylene chloride (500 ml) was added to dissolve the dried material, with the resulting solution being checked for the absence of detritylation using a solvent system of TLC in EtOAc/CH₂ CL₂ /Et₃ N 45/45/10). The solution was then added via canula to a mixture of tris-pyrrolidyl phosphine (9.5 ml, approximately 40.92 mmoles) and 0.5M tetrazole solution (9.3 ml, 4.65 mmoles), and stirred for 15 minutes after addition was complete. A further aliquot of phosphine (0.52 ml, 2.2 mmoles) and tetrazole solution (9 ml, 4.5 mmoles) was then added to the reaction mixture, followed by stirring for 10 minutes. At this point, TLC (same solvent system) indicated that all the starting material (dimethoxytritylthymidine) had been consumed. An aliquot (0.11 ml, 0.75 mmole) of 1-trimethylsilylimidazole was then added to the reaction mixture, followed by stirring for 10 minutes, after which tetrazole solution (194 ml, 97 mmoles) was added, followed by injection of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl mercaptan (9.5 ml, 59.2 mmoles).

The resulting mixture was shaken vigorously for 80 (+5) seconds before triethylamine (70 ml) was added, and then the entire reaction mixture was partitioned with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (700 ml). The organic layer containing the desired nucleoside intermediate was further washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (3×700 ml) and brine (700 ml) before drying on sodium sulfate. Following filtration of the solution and washing of the solids with toluene (120 ml), the combined organic solvents were concentrated to approximately 100 ml and the nucleoside product precipitated from heptane (degassed, 1% triethylamine, 4 liters). The thioamidite nucleoside was isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum to a yield 26.72 g (86% by weight; 92% by ³¹ P NMR). The phosphoramidite nucleoside was again precipitated by dissolution into toluene (120-150 ml) containing triethylamine (approximately 10%), filtered, and then precipitated into degassed heptane (1% triethylamine), with the further purified product again being collected by filtration.

Recovery was improved if the reaction mixture was shaken vigorously for only 80 seconds. It is believed that limiting the shaking to the recommended 75-85 second time frame avoids the formation of undesired by products which can otherwise render the monomeric nucleoside intermediate less effective for polynucleotide synthesis. Specifically, if the recommended time frame is exceeded, the desired addition of a single sulfur moiety and a single nitrogen moiety to each monomeric nucleoside may be disrupted by a disproportionating exchange reaction, resulting in the formation of bis-thio and bis-amino by products. The latter by product, in particular, can lead to "branching" of the nascent oligonucleotides which may reduce the amount of correctly assembled polynucleotide and complicate purification of the desired end product.

The following scheme depicts the general processes used in the polymer supported synthesis of unmodified polynucleotides as described in the following Example XX: ##STR39## wherein in this and the following scheme, DMT, A and B are as previously defined; wherein CE is cyanoethyl derived from the phosphoroamidite reagent; and wherein S/S is a solid support such as silica or porous glass as is conventional to solid support automated processes for oligonucleotide synthesis.

The following scheme depicts the general processes used in the polymer supported synthesis of phosphorodithioate-modified polynucleotides as described in the following Example XX: ##STR40## wherein R is a moiety from the thioamidite reagent as described previously and in the following Example XX.

EXAMPLE XX

This example demonstrates the automated, polymer-supported synthesis of modified polynucleotides having one or more terminal phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages for use as antisense compounds. Antisense polynucleotides are designed to be complementary to a specific portion of a target gene, or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene, so that the antisense polynucleotide can hybridize to the target gene (or its transcribed RNA message), thus inhibiting proliferation of the genetic message of the target gene and thereby also inhibiting gene expression. The antisense polynucleotide must be effective at physiological temperatures, and is typically from about 12 to about 30 nucleotides in length.

Generally, longer antisense polynucleotides within this range are desirable, because they have a lower probability of occurring by chance in large genomes. For example, a 17-mer polynucleotide should be unique to a mammalian genome. On the other hand, if an antisense polynucleotide is too long (i.e., substantially longer than about 25-30 nucleotides), it may hybridize nonspecifically to longer non-target sequences. This type of nonspecific hybridization is unavoidable, because the physiological body temperature of a patient cannot be adjusted to increase stringency. Ionic antisense polynucleotides, such as the phosphorodithioate modified polynucleotides of the present invention, have a slightly lower t_(m) than nonionic polynucleotides (e.g., naturally occurring phosphodiester-linked polynucleotides) and can, therefore, be adjusted toward the upper range of 25 to 30 nucleotides. The amount of the antisense polynucleotide used to inhibit the expression of a target gene will depend upon the particular gene targeted by the antisense polynucleotide and other circumstances surrounding its administration, such as, for example, the tolerance level of a patient to whom an antisense polynucleotide is being administered. Any amount of antisense polynucleotide which inhibits proliferation of the genetic message of a target gene is referred to herein as a "proliferation inhibiting amount" of an antisense polynucleotide.

The modified polynucleotides in this example were synthesized using the thioamidite intermediates from Example XIX on a Model 380A, Model 380B, or Model 394 DNA synthesizer obtained from Applied Biosystems, Inc. (Foster City, Calif.). The synthesis of phosphorodithioate-modified polynucleotides can also be accomplished using other automated or manual systems.

All synthetic reagents used in this example, with the exception of the sulfurizing reagent (5% elemental sulfur in carbon disulfide/pyridine/triethylamine (23:23:4, v/v/v), carbon disulfide/pyridine (1:1, v/v), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, and concentrated ammonium hydroxide, were purchased from either Applied Biosystems or Glen Research (Sterling, Va.). The sulfur, carbon disulfide, pyridine and tetrahydrofuran reagents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.). Concentrated ammonium hydroxide was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh Pa.). Tetrahydrofuran was rendered anhydrous by distillation from metallic sodium and benzophenone.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra were recorded on either a Varian VXR® 300 megahertz spectrometer (Palo Alto Calif.) or a General Electric Omega® 300 spectrometer (Fremont Calif.).

The current synthetic cycle for phosphodiester polynucleotide synthesis on a solid support consists of four synthetic steps: 1) removal of the dimethoxytrityl group from the 5'-hydroxyl via acid catalysis; 2) coupling the polymer supported nucleoside with a 5'-dimethoxytrityl nucleoside-3'-aminophosphine; 3) capping the unreacted polymer supported nucleoside with acetic anhydride and N-methylimidizole; and, 4) oxidizing the phosphite triester to the phosphate triester with aqueous iodine. See also, Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letters, 22, 1859-1862 (1981). Between the various synthetic steps, washing steps are also required in order to remove the previous solvents or reagents from the polymer-supported nucleoside/polynucleotide.

A different synthetic cycle was used in this example to synthesize modified polynucleotides containing one or more phosphorodithioate modifications. Use of this different cycle enabled insertion of the desired modification at select locations within a designated modified polynucleotide. The cycle used in this example are referred to as MXS203. The two synthetic schemes executed during the cycle are as depicted above.

The major synthetic differences between the cycle used to generate the modified polynucleotides containing the phosphorodithioate linkage(s) and normal phosphodiester linkages in this example are: 1) the coupling reagent; and, 2) the oxidation reagents, although numerous differences in the actual cycle commands were necessary to accommodate the different coupling and oxidation steps necessary to generate the desired modified linkages. Typically, in synthesizing a diester (unmodified) linkage, a dialkylamino-β-cyanoethylnucleoside phosphine is used as the nucleoside intermediate, with N,N-diisopropylaminophosphines, being used as the nucleoside monomers. In contrast, dialkylaminothionucleoside phosphines were used to synthesize phosphorodithioate linkages. Typically the N-pyrrolodino-2,4,-dichlorobenzylthionucleoside phosphines, are used. The condensation time for the dialkylaminomethylnucleoside phosphines was increased due to the slower kinetics of coupling for this coupling reagent. After the coupling step was completed, the resulting thiophosphitodiester was treated with sulfurizing reagent (5% elemental sulfur in carbon disulfide/pyridine/triethylamine (23:23:4, v/v/v), once for 75 seconds. Carbon disulfide/pyridine (1:1, v/v) was then used to remove excess sulfurizing reagent.

The following modified polynucleotide (Seq. No. 1) was synthesized wherein "*" indicates a phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage between the two adjacent nucleosides:

    5'-G*G*C CTG GGA GGT C*C*C* C*A*T-3,

This modified polynucleotide was cleaved from the support, and the base and phosphate protecting groups removed by treating the polymer-supported polynucleotide with concentrated ammonium hydroxide overnight at 55° C. The supernatant was decanted and the solvents removed by evaporation in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in water and re-evaporated to a gum. The resulting gum was dissolved in water and chromatographed on a Sephadex® G50/50 column (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). The appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo.

In order to verify the presence of the phosphorodithioate linkages, concentrated, pooled fractions were consolidated in a single sample that was then dissolved in deuterium oxide and evaporated to a powder in vacuo. The sample was again dissolved in deuterium oxide, with a phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the dissolved sample being taken on a Varian VXR® 300 spectrometer. Resonances at 112 ppm and -1 ppm were observed.

These resonances correspond to the phosphorodithioate (modified) and phosphodiester (unmodified) moieties in the partially modified polynucleotide. The relative integration of the two signals was 0.79 to 1, correlating with the 7 phosphorodithioate (modified) linkages and the 10 phosphodiester (unmodified) linkages contained within the modified polynucleotide.

EXAMPLE XXI

This example demonstrates the preparation of phosphorodithioate-modified and control (unmodified) polynucleotides for comparison in nuclease degradation assays. The modified polynucleotides were "end-capped" to determine an optimal minimum number of phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages able to impart nuclease resistance to the polynucleotide.

Two polynucleotides (Seq. No. 2), each containing the same nucleic acid sequence, were synthesized in this experiment for use in comparing the resistance of the various polynucleotides to nuclease degradation. The modified polynucleotide contained 5 phosphorodithioate linkages at its 5'-end. A corresponding unmodified polynucleotide was also synthesized for use as a control. The following nucleotide sequences were generated:

    5'-GGT GGC AGG TCC AGC CAT-3'

    5'-GGT GGC AGG TCC A*G*C* C*A*T-3'.

The two polynucleotides used in this example were enzymatically phosphorylated according to published procedures by T4 kinase obtained from New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.) using γ³² P-adenosine triphosphate (Maxam and Gilbert, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 74, 560-564 (1977)), and then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The polyacrylamide gel was scanned with a Phosphorimager™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

In order to assess the stability of the modified polynucleotides against nuclease degradation, the kinased polynucleotides were ligated separately to some of the following synthetic polynucleotides (Seq. No. 3):

    5'- CTG TCA ACA AGT CAC-3'

    5'- C*T*G TCA ACA AGT CAC-3'

    5'- C*T*G* T*C*A ACA AGT CAC-3'.

The ligation reactions were performed according to the published procedure of Yansura et al, Biochemistry, 16, 1772-1776 (1977), using T4 DNA ligase obtained from New England Biolabs (Beverly Mass.). The template (Seq. No. 4) used in the ligation reaction was:

    5'- TGC CAC CGT GAC TTG -3'.

The ligation product was isolated from a 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel according to Yansura et al, ibid. During the ligation process, the radioactive phosphate atom became internalized within the ligation product. This eliminated loss of the label due to phosphatase activity endogenous to the nuclease sources.

EXAMPLE XXII

This example demonstrates the exonuclease resistance of modified polynucleotides having one or more phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages on the 3'- and/or 5'-end of the polynucleotide.

Two assays were used to assess the stability of the various polynucleotides from Example XX. The first assay used human serum as the nuclease source, with the second assay using HeLa cell cytoplasmic extract as the nuclease source.

Ten milliliters of whole blood were drawn from a human specimen by standard phlebotomy technique into a red top clot tube purchased from Becton-Dickenson (Orangeburg N.Y.). The blood was allowed to clot at room temperature for 30 minutes. The sample was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes. The serum was removed and 0.5 ml aliquot were prepared. Serum aliquots were stored at -70° C. Aliquots were thawed immediately prior to use.

HeLa S3 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.) were grown in suspension in DMEM (Cellgro, Washington D.C.), 10% BFS (Flow), and 1% L-Glutamine (Gibco, Gaithersburg, Md.) at a density of 2-5×10⁵ cells/ml. Six liters of cells were pelleted for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm, slow cooled to deter lysis and stored at -70 ° C.

Cell cytoplasmic extract was obtained as follows. Thawed cell mass was washed with 5 PCVs (packed cell volumes) of ice cold PBS and pelleted. Cells were brought up in 5 PCVs of buffer A (0.1M HEPES/pH 7.5, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.75 mg/ml KCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM PMSF (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.), 1 mg/ml aprotinin (Sigma Chemical Company), 0.5 mg/ml leupeptin (Sigma), 0.7 μg/ml pepstatin (Sigma Chemical Company) to swell cells, left on ice 10 minutes and pelleted. Cells were brought up in 2 PCVs Buffer A, doused with an all glass homogenizer (B pestle) and checked microscopically for lysis. The resulting suspension was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 25,000 times gravity at 4° C. The supernatant (i.e., the cytoplasmic extract) was decanted. Glycerol was added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 10% (v/v). The aliquoted extracts were stored at -70° C.

4.5 picomoles of polynucleotide substrate was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and dissolved in 7.5 μl of water. 22.5 μl of either serum or HeLa cell cytoplasmic extract was added to initiate the assay. The final concentration of the polynucleotide was 15 μM in 75% (v/v) either serum or cytoplasmic extract. At specific times, 5 μl samples were diluted with 5 μl of formamide. 2 μl of 0.1% bromophenol blue (w/v)/0.1% xylene cyanole (w/v) in 80% (v/v) formamide was added to each sample. The samples were boiled for two minutes, then placed on ice for two minutes, and then applied to a denaturing 15% polyacrylamide gel. After electrophoresis, the gels were imaged and the amount of full length polynucleotide was quantitated using a Phosphorimager™. All assays were conducted at least in triplicate. Standard deviations were calculated using N in the denominator. Bar graphs of the assay results are depicted in FIGS. 1a and 1b.

In the presence of human serum, "end-capping" at only the 5'-terminus or the 3'-terminus did not significantly increase the stability of the modified polynucleotide. Specifically, the modified polynucleotides with five phosphorodithioate linkages at the 3'-terminus, two phosphorodithioate linkages at the 5'-terminus, or five phosphorodithioate linkages at the 5'-terminus were degraded very similarly to the unmodified (phosphodiester) control. However, when both the 5'- and 3'-ends of the polynucleotide contained phosphorodithioate linkages, these modified polynucleotides were stabilized relative to the unmodified control. In the case of a modified polynucleotide having five phosphorodithioate linkages at the 3'-terminus and five phosphorodithioate linkages at the 5'-terminus, 12-fold more full length modified polynucleotide was present at 24 hours relative to the unmodified control (60% vs. 5%).

In the HeLa cell extract assay system, the two modified polynucleotides containing phosphorodithioate linkages at only the 5'-end did not exhibit significant resistance to the cytoplasmic nucleases. However, the modified polynucleotide having five phosphorodithioate linkages at the 3'-terminus was substantially more stable. At 4 hours, only 5% of the unmodified (phosphodiester) control was still intact, while 38% of the modified polynucleotide having the five phosphorodithioate linkages on the 3'-end persisted. When both termini contained phosphorodithioate linkages, 51% of the intact modified polynucleotide was present after 24 hours, as compared to less than 2% of the unmodified control.

EXAMPLE XXIII

This example demonstrates the antisense efficacy in murine spleen cells of selected modified polynucleotides having seven phosphorodithioate linkages (two phosphorodithioate linkages on the 5'-end and five phosphorodithioate linkages on the 3'-end).

Four polynucleotides having two phosphorodithioate linkages on the 5'-end and five phosphorodithioate linkages on the 3'-end were synthesized as described in Example XX. The modified polynucleotides used in this example were given arbitrary numerical designations, as shown below. The symbol "*" indicates the location of phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages, and the designation "A" or "C" indicates whether the partially modified polynucleotide was intended as an antisense or control compound, respectively.

    ______________________________________                                         Desig-                                Seq.                                     nation                                                                               Sequence                 A/C    No.                                      ______________________________________                                         E16-19                                                                               G*A*G AAC GCT GGA CCT* T*C*C* A*T                                                                       A      5                                        E16-20                                                                               A*C*A GGA CTC TCG GCG* C*T*A* C*T                                                                       C      6                                        E16-21                                                                               T*C*C ATG TCG GTC CTG* A*T*G* C*T                                                                       A      7                                        E16-22                                                                               G*T*A GCT CTC TCG GAT* G*C*C* T*T                                                                       C      8                                        ______________________________________                                    

As a control, partially modified polynucleotides with phosphorodithioate linkages at the same positions and same sequences corresponding to E16-19, designated E11-16, and an arbitrary control sequence, designated Ell-10, were prepared. The final control polynucleotide was an unmodified phosphodiester polynucleotide having the same base sequence as E16-19, designated 397.

For determining the antisense efficacy of the partially modified polynucleotides in this example, murine messenger RNA coding for envelope C protein was selected as the target because envelope C protein is believed to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C. Thus, because protein kinase C activity is required for cellular proliferation, inhibition of the expression of envelope C protein should result in measurable cellular proliferation. The gene coding for rat envelope C protein has a different sequence in the targeted region. As a negative control rat spleen cells were assayed as well.

The assay for determining antisense efficacy was carried out with spleen cells as follows. Murine or rat spleen cells (5×10 exp 4/100 ml well) were cultured in RPMI media supplemented with 10% heat inactivated Fetal Calf Serum (Biofluids), 2 mM I-glutamine, 60 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, 100 mg/ml penicillin and 10 mM HEPES in U-bottom 96 well plates (Costar, Cambridge, Mass.) with or without various concentrations of the partially modified polynucleotide for 12 to 48 hours in a 37° C., 5% carbon dioxide air incubator. Assays of the modified polynucleotides were tested in this manner side by side in triplicate. One μCi of tritiated uridine per well was then added. After an additional 6 hours, the cells were harvested. The level of tritium incorporation into cellular RNA was determined, as a measure of cellular proliferation, by binding cellular RNA to filters and then counting the filters in a scintillation counter.

In the first assay only the four partially modified polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate linkages and the unmodified phosphodiester control were tested using primary murine spleen cells. The cells were treated for 12 hours with three doses of the modified polynucleotide: 0.5 μM, 3.3 μM and 30 μM. The phosphodiester compound, sequence 397, was only tested at 30 μM. A bar graph of the results is depicted in FIG. 2. The two partially modified phosphorodithioate antisense compounds were very effective at the lowest dose tested (i.e. 0.5 μM), resulting in stimulation indices of 11 and 22 as compared to the control (phosphodiester) polynucleotide at a dose of 30 μM, which resulted in a stimulation index of only 7. Based on this experiment, the modified polynucleotides having phosphorodithioate linkages are more than 60-fold more effective than the unmodified polynucleotides. The control phosphorodithioate-modified polynucleotides did result in some non-sequence dependent stimulation, but this was only observed at the highest dose tested.

In the second assay, the four phosphorodithioate-containing polynucleotides and the two phosphoromonothioate-containing polynucleotides were tested. The doses of polynucleotide were 33 nM, 150 nM, 660 nM, 2.5 μM and 10 μM and the polynucleotides were administered for 24 hours. A graph of the data obtained is depicted in FIG. 3. The three control polynucleotides, E16-20, E16-22 and E11-10, did not significantly stimulate cellular growth, while the three antisense compounds did elicit stimulation in a dose dependent manner. The two phosphorodithioate-containing polynucleotides were effective in stimulating growth at concentrations as low as 150 nM.

In the third assay only the phosphorodithioate-containing polynucleotides were tested using rat cells. All four modified polynucleotides were administered at 1.67 μM (i.e., a dose wherein the phosphorodithioate-containing antisense compounds would have been expected to elicit a stimulation index of approximately 20, whereas the control phosphorodithioate-containing polynucleotides would have been expected to have a negligible effect). All four polynucleotides elicited approximately the same effect in rat cells. A bar graph of the data is depicted in FIG. 4. This finding supports the hypothesis that these compounds are acting as sequence specific antisense agents in the murine spleen cells, however, due to sequence divergence between the mouse and the rat, they are not acting as antisense agents in the rat spleen cell assay.

A listing of all nucleotide sequences described in Examples XX, XXI, and XXIII is provided below:

    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 18 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                        GGCCTGGGAGGTCCCCAT18                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 18 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                        GGTGGCAGGTCCAGCCAT18                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 15 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                        CTGTCAACAAGTCAC15                                                              (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 15 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                        TGCCACCGTGACTTG15                                                              (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                        GAGAACGCTGGACCTTCCAT20                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                        ACAGGACTCTCGGCGCTACT20                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                        TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT20                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE:nucleic acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS:single                                                        (D) TOPOLOGY:linear                                                            (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:DNA                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:                                        GTAGCTCTCTCGGATGCCTT20                                                         __________________________________________________________________________

Thus while we have illustrated and described the preferred embodiment of our invention, it is to be understood that this invention is capable of variation and modification and we therefore do not wish to be limited to the precise terms set forth, but desire to avail ourselves of such changes and alterations which may be made for adapting the invention to various usages and conditions. Accordingly, such changes and alterations are properly intended to be within the full range of equivalents, and therefore within the purview of the following claims. Having thus described our invention and the manner and process of making and using it in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms so as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same. 

We claim:
 1. A polynucleotide wherein all internucleotide linkages between individual nucleotide moieties in the polynucleotide are phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages.
 2. A polynucleotide having at least one phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage in combination with phosphate, phosphorothioate or phosphorothioamidate internucleotide linkages.
 3. A polynucleotide according to claim 2 having at least one phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage in combination with phosphate internucleotide linkages.
 4. A polynucleotide according to claim 2 having at least one phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage in combination with phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.
 5. A polynucleotide according to claim 2 having at least one phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage in combination with phosphorothioamidate internucleotide linkages.
 6. A polynucleotide having both phophorodithioate and phosphate internucleotide linkages.
 7. An oligonucleotide in protected or unprotected form having at least one phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkage.
 8. An oligonucleotide in protected or unprotected form comprising a dinucleoside having a H-phosphonothioate internucleotide linkage. 